தமிழர் சமயம்

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35. BRAHMA VALLI________________________________________35.1. The Final Knowledge on Brāhmi ScriptThis work will come to a close with the important Taittiriya Upaniṣad which is a part of the Taittiriya Āraṇyaka, appearing in three parts as the seventh, eighth and ninth Prapāṭaka, which go b...

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34. FRESH LIGHT ON TYĀGARĀJĀ’s ANCESTRY ________________________________________Two documents that were in the possession of Mr. V. Narayanaswami Iyer, Advocate, Tañjāvūr, throw valuable light on the ancestry of Saint Tyāgarāja. They are in Modi script and in Marathi language with a few ve...

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33. ĀRYA DANCE OR THE CĀKKIYĀR KŪTTU IN TAMIL NADU________________________________________33.1. Cākkiyār KūttuA family of dancers in Kerala who enact Kūḍiyāttām in temples are called Cākkiyārs. Their dance is called Cākkiyār-kūttu. They enact Sanskrit dramas making profuse use of Malayaḷ...

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32. NEW LIGHT ON SOUTH INDIA’s TRADE WITH THE MEDITERRANEAN________________________________________An interesting potsherd from Berenike bearing Brahmi letters has created significant interest among archaeologists. Śri I. Mahadevan has written an article on this sherd (Mahadevan, I. T...

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31. MIGRATION OF FOLK AND CLASSICAL TRADITION TO SOUTH EAST ASIA________________________________________The migration of people from South India to South East Asia was not confined to any one aspect of human activity but encompassed religion, philosophy, trade, economy, literature, art, m...

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30. ĀLAṄKUṬI RECORDContents | Previous | Next | Academy________________________________________An Inscription from Ālaṅkudi in Tanjore District is of great historic interest. The inscription records transactions that took place with reference to some lands in the village-spread over ne...

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29. ANURADHAPURA SEAL________________________________________An important seal from Anuradhapura now in the Anuradhapura museum, first published by me, was brought to my notice by Sri R. Krishnamurthi, Editor Dinamalar.29.1. Description of the sealThe seal carries a well-executed bull...

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28. ON ARRESTING WOMEN________________________________________Arresting persons who commit crimes, for enquiry and imposing punishment is an essential function of the king. But there are also certain restrictions imposed on arrests. In this connection an epigraph dated 1010 C.E., from Ta...

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27. LEGAL RIGHTS OF WOMEN IN ANCIENT INDIA________________________________________27.1. A Cōḻa exampleInstances are not wanting when women asserted their legal right in ancient India and saw that their writ ruled. A Cōḻa record of 12th century from Melaṭṭūr village near Tanjore, found inscr...

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26. CIVIL JUSTICE IN THE PĀṆḌYĀ PERIODContents | Previous | Next | Academy________________________________________The disposal of law suits-both criminal and civil was the primary responsibility of the king in ancient India. He is the supreme judge of his country, and is expected to hear law s...

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23. UTTARAMĒRŪR INSCRIPTION RECORDING THE MODE OF ELECTION TO THE VILLAGE ASSEMBLIES, 10TH CENTURY C.E.Contents | Previous | Next | Academy________________________________________23.1. Uttaramērūr InscriptionsThis is the English translation of the famous Uttaramērūr inscription of t...

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22. A MEDIAVAL TRANSLATION OF A TAMIL KAVYA INTO SANSKRIT UPAMANYU BHAKTA VILĀSAM________________________________________This paper is mainly concerned with an extraordinary Sanskrit text called Upamanyu Bhaktavilāsam, ascribed to sage Upamanyu but in effect a close translation from Ta...

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21. NANDIKEŚVARA IN INDIAN ART, THOUGHT AND LITERATURE________________________________________21.1. Nandikeśvarā's birthThe story of Nandikeśvara as told in the liṅga-purāṇa is not only interesting but also important from the point of view of Indian thought. The story is as follows.Once...

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20. NAṬARĀJA AND VEDIC CONCEPTS________________________________________20.1. Sēkkiḻār The Vedic concepts associated with the dance of Śiva Naṭarājā can be properly understood only in the light of the Vedas, Vedantic tradition, and the intimate association of the Vedic Brahmins in the reli...

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19. VAṄGALA DESA AND GAṄGA NĀDU FROM TAMIḺ SOURCES ________________________________________19.1. Gangetic victory of Rājēndra - BengalRājēndra Cōḻā, the famous Conqueror, invaded the Gangetic country in and around 1020 CE and mentions the Kings of the region Mahipala, Govindacandra, Ran...

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18. STUDY OF SAṄGAM POEMS UNDER THE CŌLĀ________________________________________18.1. Two InscriptionsTwo inscriptions of the Cōlā period coming from the northern part of Tamiḻnāṭu throw interesting light on the influence of Saṅgam poems in the mediaeval period. The first one dated 1012 CE...

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17. TIRUK-KŌYIL-ŪR INSCRIPTION________________________________________Tiruk-kōyil-ūr is an ancient Śiva-kṣetra, sung by the Śaiva Nāyaṉmars and also known for its Viṣṇu temple of Trivikrama, celebrated by the early Vaiṣnavite Ālvārs. It was the capital of the Malaiymāṉ chieftains of th...

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16. ĀGAMAS ON MEMORIAL STONES ________________________________________It is well known that the erection of religious edifices, making of images, their consecration, the daily and periodical rites, festivals and the philosophy behind them are dealt with in the group of works called Āgamas...

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15. VEḶḶALŪR15.1. Veḷḷalūr Hoard of Roman coinsTamiḻnāṭu has yielded a large number of treasure trove finds for the last two hundred years of which the Veḷḷalūr hoards are the most famous as they yielded a very large number of Roman coins in gold, silver and bronze, besides remarkable gold jeweller...

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14. ROLE OF INDRA IN ANCIENT TAMIḺNAḌU________________________________________Indra was one of the most popular deities worshipped by the ancient Tamiḻ people. He is described as the God of cultivated lands and the region including city and agricultural villages. The great Tamiḻ grammatica...

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13. YAMAKA IN TĒVĀRAMS 13.1. Jñāṉasambandar We have seen the role of Yamaka in the Saṅgam age and in the Cilappatikāram. We may see one great composer who came after them. I have already mentioned that Ilaṅgo aḍikaḷ’s contribution to iyal, isai and naṭyam. The other personality who is equally an extr...

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12. YAMAKA IN CILAPPATIKĀRAMIt would be interesting to know whether Yamakalamkaras embellishment as a Sabdalamkara is known to the early Tamiḻ. We may say in the early Tamiḻ literature the term Yamaka doesn’t seem to be employed, though all the varieties of this embellishment are found used. So we...

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11.YAMAKA IN SAṄGAM LITERATURE________________________________________11.1. In PuṟaṉāṉūruRepetitive usages of words defined by Bharata’s in his Nāṭya Śāstra are also found in early Tamiḻ poems as for example in Puṟaṉāṉūru where some of these illustrations are found employed. For example...

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10. YAMAKAM IN TOLKĀPPIYAM________________________________________The term yamakam is not mentioned in the Saṅgam age. On the other hand the chapter on ceyyul-iyal has elaborate details about what it calls toṭai which is more or less equal to yamakam of Bharata’s Nāṭya Śāstra. The word is rela...

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9. BHARATA’s NĀṬYA ŚĀSTRA AND YAMAKA IN EARLY TAMIḺ LITERATURE________________________________________Bharata in his Nāṭya Śāstra deals with beauty and embellishment in poetry, besides qualities and defects under kāvya lakṣaṇa in Chapter 16. The embellishments in poetry called alankāra...

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8. THE EPITOME OF SILAMBU________________________________________8.1. A Study in the Nūl-kaṭṭurai of CilappatikāramThis study is made to understand the main aim of writing the great text Cilappatikāram through the own words of the author, as found in the Nūl-kaṭṭurai at the very end of the tex...

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7. KOLLIPURAI 7.1. AN INSCRIBED TAMIL COIN OF FIRST CENTURY C.EA copper coin a historic interest was found by the Curator of Karūr Museum in Tamiḻnāṭu. The coin was found totally encrusted, beyond any recognition. It was gifted to the Karūr Museum by a vessel merchant of Karūr along with a number of c...

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6. TAMIḺ AND SANSKRIT RELATIONSHIP________________________________________6.1. IntroductionThe earliest known written records in Tamiḻ are assigned to the 2nd cent. BCE and are in Brāhmi script. They show an evolved fusion of spoken Sanskrit (also known as Prākṛt) and Tamiḻ with no sign of c...

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5. BRAHMINS AND BRĀHMI UNDER AŚOKA________________________________________5.1. IntroductionThis chapter argues that a) Aśoka did not teach Buddhist dharma in his dharma ghoṣa but b) followed the “Vaidika dharma” especially of the Taittiriya Upaniṣadi - Sikṣāvalli in which a fine exhortat...

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4. THE ORIGIN OF BRĀHMI SCRIPT________________________________________The earliest inscriptions in Tamiḻ land, often referred as cave inscriptions have now been studied in detail by I. Mahadevan and a better picture is available now for comparative study. It can be now clearly demonstrated...

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	35. BRAHMA VALLI________________________________________ (Preview) 35. BRAHMA VALLI________________________________________35.1. The Final Knowledge on Brāhmi ScriptThis work will come to a close with the important Taittiriya Upaniṣad which is a part of the Taittiriya Āraṇyaka, appearing in three parts as the seventh, eighth and ninth Prapāṭaka, which go b...	Admin	0	82	Oct 25, 2023 by Admin
	34. FRESH LIGHT ON TYĀGARĀJĀ’s ANCESTRY (Preview) 34. FRESH LIGHT ON TYĀGARĀJĀ’s ANCESTRY ________________________________________Two documents that were in the possession of Mr. V. Narayanaswami Iyer, Advocate, Tañjāvūr, throw valuable light on the ancestry of Saint Tyāgarāja. They are in Modi script and in Marathi language with a few ve...	Admin	0	153	Oct 25, 2023 by Admin
	33. ĀRYA DANCE OR THE CĀKKIYĀR KŪTTU IN TAMIL NADU (Preview) 33. ĀRYA DANCE OR THE CĀKKIYĀR KŪTTU IN TAMIL NADU________________________________________33.1. Cākkiyār KūttuA family of dancers in Kerala who enact Kūḍiyāttām in temples are called Cākkiyārs. Their dance is called Cākkiyār-kūttu. They enact Sanskrit dramas making profuse use of Malayaḷ...	Admin	0	82	Oct 25, 2023 by Admin
	32. NEW LIGHT ON SOUTH INDIA’s TRADE WITH THE MEDITERRANEAN (Preview) 32. NEW LIGHT ON SOUTH INDIA’s TRADE WITH THE MEDITERRANEAN________________________________________An interesting potsherd from Berenike bearing Brahmi letters has created significant interest among archaeologists. Śri I. Mahadevan has written an article on this sherd (Mahadevan, I. T...	Admin	0	105	Oct 25, 2023 by Admin
	31. MIGRATION OF FOLK AND CLASSICAL TRADITION TO SOUTH EAST ASIA (Preview) 31. MIGRATION OF FOLK AND CLASSICAL TRADITION TO SOUTH EAST ASIA________________________________________The migration of people from South India to South East Asia was not confined to any one aspect of human activity but encompassed religion, philosophy, trade, economy, literature, art, m...	Admin	0	122	Oct 25, 2023 by Admin
	30. ĀLAṄKUṬI RECORD (Preview) 30. ĀLAṄKUṬI RECORDContents \| Previous \| Next \| Academy________________________________________An Inscription from Ālaṅkudi in Tanjore District is of great historic interest. The inscription records transactions that took place with reference to some lands in the village-spread over ne...	Admin	0	110	Oct 25, 2023 by Admin
	29. ANURADHAPURA SEAL (Preview) 29. ANURADHAPURA SEAL________________________________________An important seal from Anuradhapura now in the Anuradhapura museum, first published by me, was brought to my notice by Sri R. Krishnamurthi, Editor Dinamalar.29.1. Description of the sealThe seal carries a well-executed bull...	Admin	0	99	Oct 25, 2023 by Admin
	28. ON ARRESTING WOMEN (Preview) 28. ON ARRESTING WOMEN________________________________________Arresting persons who commit crimes, for enquiry and imposing punishment is an essential function of the king. But there are also certain restrictions imposed on arrests. In this connection an epigraph dated 1010 C.E., from Ta...	Admin	0	78	Oct 25, 2023 by Admin
	27. LEGAL RIGHTS OF WOMEN IN ANCIENT INDIA (Preview) 27. LEGAL RIGHTS OF WOMEN IN ANCIENT INDIA________________________________________27.1. A Cōḻa exampleInstances are not wanting when women asserted their legal right in ancient India and saw that their writ ruled. A Cōḻa record of 12th century from Melaṭṭūr village near Tanjore, found inscr...	Admin	0	91	Oct 25, 2023 by Admin
	26. CIVIL JUSTICE IN THE PĀṆḌYĀ PERIOD (Preview) 26. CIVIL JUSTICE IN THE PĀṆḌYĀ PERIODContents \| Previous \| Next \| Academy________________________________________The disposal of law suits-both criminal and civil was the primary responsibility of the king in ancient India. He is the supreme judge of his country, and is expected to hear law s...	Admin	0	116	Oct 25, 2023 by Admin
	23. UTTARAMĒRŪR INSCRIPTION RECORDING THE MODE OF ELECTION TO THE VILLAGE ASSEMBLIES, 10TH CENTURY C.E. (Preview) 23. UTTARAMĒRŪR INSCRIPTION RECORDING THE MODE OF ELECTION TO THE VILLAGE ASSEMBLIES, 10TH CENTURY C.E.Contents \| Previous \| Next \| Academy________________________________________23.1. Uttaramērūr InscriptionsThis is the English translation of the famous Uttaramērūr inscription of t...	Admin	0	123	Oct 25, 2023 by Admin
	22. A MEDIAVAL TRANSLATION OF A TAMIL KAVYA INTO SANSKRIT UPAMANYU BHAKTA VILĀSAM (Preview) 22. A MEDIAVAL TRANSLATION OF A TAMIL KAVYA INTO SANSKRIT UPAMANYU BHAKTA VILĀSAM________________________________________This paper is mainly concerned with an extraordinary Sanskrit text called Upamanyu Bhaktavilāsam, ascribed to sage Upamanyu but in effect a close translation from Ta...	Admin	0	75	Oct 25, 2023 by Admin
	21. NANDIKEŚVARA IN INDIAN ART, THOUGHT AND LITERATURE (Preview) 21. NANDIKEŚVARA IN INDIAN ART, THOUGHT AND LITERATURE________________________________________21.1. Nandikeśvarā's birthThe story of Nandikeśvara as told in the liṅga-purāṇa is not only interesting but also important from the point of view of Indian thought. The story is as follows.Once...	Admin	1	97	Oct 25, 2023 by Admin
	20. NAṬARĀJA AND VEDIC CONCEPTS__ (Preview) 20. NAṬARĀJA AND VEDIC CONCEPTS________________________________________20.1. Sēkkiḻār The Vedic concepts associated with the dance of Śiva Naṭarājā can be properly understood only in the light of the Vedas, Vedantic tradition, and the intimate association of the Vedic Brahmins in the reli...	Admin	1	86	Oct 25, 2023 by Admin
	19. VAṄGALA DESA AND GAṄGA NĀDU FROM TAMIḺ SOURCES (Preview) 19. VAṄGALA DESA AND GAṄGA NĀDU FROM TAMIḺ SOURCES ________________________________________19.1. Gangetic victory of Rājēndra - BengalRājēndra Cōḻā, the famous Conqueror, invaded the Gangetic country in and around 1020 CE and mentions the Kings of the region Mahipala, Govindacandra, Ran...	Admin	0	89	Oct 25, 2023 by Admin
	18. STUDY OF SAṄGAM POEMS UNDER THE CŌLĀ (Preview) 18. STUDY OF SAṄGAM POEMS UNDER THE CŌLĀ________________________________________18.1. Two InscriptionsTwo inscriptions of the Cōlā period coming from the northern part of Tamiḻnāṭu throw interesting light on the influence of Saṅgam poems in the mediaeval period. The first one dated 1012 CE...	Admin	0	84	Oct 25, 2023 by Admin
	17. TIRUK-KŌYIL-ŪR INSCRIPTION (Preview) 17. TIRUK-KŌYIL-ŪR INSCRIPTION________________________________________Tiruk-kōyil-ūr is an ancient Śiva-kṣetra, sung by the Śaiva Nāyaṉmars and also known for its Viṣṇu temple of Trivikrama, celebrated by the early Vaiṣnavite Ālvārs. It was the capital of the Malaiymāṉ chieftains of th...	Admin	0	77	Oct 25, 2023 by Admin
	16. ĀGAMAS ON MEMORIAL STONES (Preview) 16. ĀGAMAS ON MEMORIAL STONES ________________________________________It is well known that the erection of religious edifices, making of images, their consecration, the daily and periodical rites, festivals and the philosophy behind them are dealt with in the group of works called Āgamas...	Admin	0	90	Oct 25, 2023 by Admin
	15. VEḶḶALŪR (Preview) 15. VEḶḶALŪR15.1. Veḷḷalūr Hoard of Roman coinsTamiḻnāṭu has yielded a large number of treasure trove finds for the last two hundred years of which the Veḷḷalūr hoards are the most famous as they yielded a very large number of Roman coins in gold, silver and bronze, besides remarkable gold jeweller...	Admin	0	97	Oct 25, 2023 by Admin
	14. ROLE OF INDRA IN ANCIENT TAMIḺNAḌU (Preview) 14. ROLE OF INDRA IN ANCIENT TAMIḺNAḌU________________________________________Indra was one of the most popular deities worshipped by the ancient Tamiḻ people. He is described as the God of cultivated lands and the region including city and agricultural villages. The great Tamiḻ grammatica...	Admin	0	100	Oct 25, 2023 by Admin
	13. YAMAKA IN TĒVĀRAMS (Preview) 13. YAMAKA IN TĒVĀRAMS 13.1. Jñāṉasambandar We have seen the role of Yamaka in the Saṅgam age and in the Cilappatikāram. We may see one great composer who came after them. I have already mentioned that Ilaṅgo aḍikaḷ’s contribution to iyal, isai and naṭyam. The other personality who is equally an extr...	Admin	0	109	Oct 25, 2023 by Admin
	12. YAMAKA IN CILAPPATIKĀRAM (Preview) 12. YAMAKA IN CILAPPATIKĀRAMIt would be interesting to know whether Yamakalamkaras embellishment as a Sabdalamkara is known to the early Tamiḻ. We may say in the early Tamiḻ literature the term Yamaka doesn’t seem to be employed, though all the varieties of this embellishment are found used. So we...	Admin	0	77	Oct 25, 2023 by Admin
	11.YAMAKA IN SAṄGAM LITERATURE (Preview) 11.YAMAKA IN SAṄGAM LITERATURE________________________________________11.1. In PuṟaṉāṉūruRepetitive usages of words defined by Bharata’s in his Nāṭya Śāstra are also found in early Tamiḻ poems as for example in Puṟaṉāṉūru where some of these illustrations are found employed. For example...	Admin	0	146	Oct 25, 2023 by Admin
	10. YAMAKAM IN TOLKĀPPIYAM (Preview) 10. YAMAKAM IN TOLKĀPPIYAM________________________________________The term yamakam is not mentioned in the Saṅgam age. On the other hand the chapter on ceyyul-iyal has elaborate details about what it calls toṭai which is more or less equal to yamakam of Bharata’s Nāṭya Śāstra. The word is rela...	Admin	0	78	Oct 25, 2023 by Admin
	09. BHARATA’s NĀṬYA ŚĀSTRA AND YAMAKA IN EARLY TAMIḺ LITERATURE (Preview) 9. BHARATA’s NĀṬYA ŚĀSTRA AND YAMAKA IN EARLY TAMIḺ LITERATURE________________________________________Bharata in his Nāṭya Śāstra deals with beauty and embellishment in poetry, besides qualities and defects under kāvya lakṣaṇa in Chapter 16. The embellishments in poetry called alankāra...	Admin	0	83	Oct 25, 2023 by Admin
	08. THE EPITOME OF SILAMBU (Preview) 8. THE EPITOME OF SILAMBU________________________________________8.1. A Study in the Nūl-kaṭṭurai of CilappatikāramThis study is made to understand the main aim of writing the great text Cilappatikāram through the own words of the author, as found in the Nūl-kaṭṭurai at the very end of the tex...	Admin	0	77	Oct 25, 2023 by Admin
	07. KOLLIPURAI (Preview) 7. KOLLIPURAI 7.1. AN INSCRIBED TAMIL COIN OF FIRST CENTURY C.EA copper coin a historic interest was found by the Curator of Karūr Museum in Tamiḻnāṭu. The coin was found totally encrusted, beyond any recognition. It was gifted to the Karūr Museum by a vessel merchant of Karūr along with a number of c...	Admin	0	66	Oct 25, 2023 by Admin
	06. TAMIḺ AND SANSKRIT RELATIONSHIP (Preview) 6. TAMIḺ AND SANSKRIT RELATIONSHIP________________________________________6.1. IntroductionThe earliest known written records in Tamiḻ are assigned to the 2nd cent. BCE and are in Brāhmi script. They show an evolved fusion of spoken Sanskrit (also known as Prākṛt) and Tamiḻ with no sign of c...	Admin	3	72	Oct 25, 2023 by Admin
	05. BRAHMINS AND BRĀHMI UNDER AŚOKA (Preview) 5. BRAHMINS AND BRĀHMI UNDER AŚOKA________________________________________5.1. IntroductionThis chapter argues that a) Aśoka did not teach Buddhist dharma in his dharma ghoṣa but b) followed the “Vaidika dharma” especially of the Taittiriya Upaniṣadi - Sikṣāvalli in which a fine exhortat...	Admin	0	75	Oct 25, 2023 by Admin
	04. THE ORIGIN OF BRĀHMI SCRIPT (Preview) 4. THE ORIGIN OF BRĀHMI SCRIPT________________________________________The earliest inscriptions in Tamiḻ land, often referred as cave inscriptions have now been studied in detail by I. Mahadevan and a better picture is available now for comparative study. It can be now clearly demonstrated...	Admin	0	63	Oct 25, 2023 by Admin
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