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20. MODERN BRĀHMINICAL STATUS
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20. MODERN BRĀHMINICAL STATUS The term Brāhmaṇas is rooted in the Vedic tradition of “Seekers of Brahmam”, meaning the ultimate knowledge – Brahmaṇāt Brahmaityuktam. They are “antaṇars” in Tamiḻ who are said to analyse the ultimate truth. Evidently, a Brāhmaṇa is a Vedic follower.There are sev...
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19. VEDIC CAMBODIA
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19. VEDIC CAMBODIA19.1 Vedic traditionsThe earliest recognizable religious system in India is the Vedic system. Anythying earlier than that are in the sphere of speculation. The Vedic system does not confine itself to the recitation of the Vedic hymns but goes beyond. The Vedas themselves are di...
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18.VEDIC SCHOLARS
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18.VEDIC SCHOLARS 18.1. Vēmpaṟṟūr Cōḻiya Smārtha BrāhmaṇasAround the beginning of 13th century, a group of 2008 Vedic Brāhmaṇas from Vēmpaṟṟūr near Kumbakōṇam in Cōḻas country, were invited to the Pāṇḍya country and were settled near Madurai. This group was called “Vēmpaṟṟūr Cōḻiya Smārta Br...
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17. ŚIVAKĀMI FROM KĀRAIKKĀL
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17. ŚIVAKĀMI FROM KĀRAIKKĀLA beautiful metal image of Śivakāmi found in Kāraikkāl region is now in the Pondichery museum. It was encrusted with sand and was cleaned by the National Museum laboratory when it was found and carries a lovely inscription in Tamiḻ characters and language on its pedestal...
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16. AINTIṆAIKAḶ IN VEDAS
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16. AINTIṆAIKAḶ IN VEDAS16.1. Five Land DivisionsThe Camakam, hymns of the Kṛṣṇa Yajurveda appearing as the seventh prapāṭaka of the fourth kāṇḍam, refers to five divisions of land which is of interest. The Camakam passage, appears after the Śrī Rudram, and addresses Rudra saying that the recite...
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15. ĀGAMAS
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15. ĀGAMASThe word Āgama originally stood for the Vedas but later was extended to temple worship. It therefore clearly is an extension of Vedic discipline and rituals. The Vedic poetry recited to create an imagery in mind is called Mantra (of the man - mind) but the same created through physical sugg...
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SĀRĪRAKA MĪMĀṀSA OF ŚAṄKARA IN TEMPLES
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SĀRĪRAKA MĪMĀṀSA OF ŚAṄKARA IN TEMPLES14.1. Śaṅkara Bāṣya in Cōḻa TempleThe Kailasanātha temple at Cōḻa Mahādevī village situated enroute from Trichy to Tañjāvūr was built by Rājarāja Cōḻa around 1010 CE. There was also a Viṣṇu temple named “Thirumāl iruncōlai ninṟāṉ”, probably built of bricks...
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13. VEDIC LAWS: ĀPASTAMBA DHARMA ŚĀSTRA
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13. VEDIC LAWS: ĀPASTAMBA DHARMA ŚĀSTRA13.1. Role of Dharma ŚāstrasThe social history of Indian people is largely embedded in the Dharma Sūtrās which control the lifestyle of individuals. Most Scholars refer to Manu Dharma Śāstra in a vague manner. Manu and Yājñavalkya were extensively used in t...
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12. VEDIC COURTS
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12. VEDIC COURTS 12.1. Constitution of JudiciaryThe Mānūr inscription of Pāṇḍya Varaguṇa Mārañjaḍayaṉ is well known (1. South Indian Inscriptions Vol. XIV, No. 37, Epigraphica Indica Vol. XXII. p. 5). Writing on this epigraph, Prof. K. A. N. Sastri states “This Mānūr record may be taken perhaps...
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11. CHŌḺA ADMINISTRATION
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11. CHŌḺA ADMINISTRATIONAmong the dynasties that have ruled Tamiḻnāḍu the imperial Cōḻas stand out as the most brilliant kings who perfected both the internal security and external protection of their subjects by meticulous organization and drive. These aspects require an independent study....
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10. COPPER PLATE GRANTS
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10. COPPER PLATE GRANTS10.1. Paramēśvara’s gifts of Ekabhoga BrahmadēyaA very early inscription of around 670 CE, in the reign of the Pallava king Paramēśvaravarmaṉ I, refers to the construction of a Śiva temple and settling 20 Vedic Brāhmaṇas to recite the Vedas in the temple in Kūram village nea...
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9.VEDIC COLLEGES
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9.VEDIC COLLEGESWe have evidence of the regular setting up of Vedic colleges from the time of Rājarāja the Great. The following chart may be seen.Rājarāja at Ānūr, 1000 CERājarāja at Eṇṇāyiram, 1018 CERājēndra I, Puttūr, Tribhuvana Mahādevī Caturvedi-maṅgalam, 1020 CERājādhirāja I, Tribhuva...
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8.VEDAS AND VEDIC PATRONAGE IN TAMIḺNĀḌU
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8.VEDAS AND VEDIC PATRONAGE IN TAMIḺNĀḌU8.1. Vedic studies in Early TamiḻnāḍuFrom the time of known history the Vedas have contributed to the integrated development of society, recognizing the individuality and growth of customs and manners of each group and clans and at the same time striving t...
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7. DIVYA PRABANDAM
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7. DIVYA PRABANDAM 7.1. Philosophical ethos of Vaiṣṇava Āḻvārs The great Vedic seers, Ṛṣis immortalised natural powers by creating fascinating poetic imagery, which during later centuries, gave rise to new manifestations of the same powers by their sheer poetic appeal. The appeal was so vivid...
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6. TĒVĀRAM
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6. TĒVĀRAM6.1. Introduction,7th to 9th century The period between seventh and ninth centuries witnessed the full flowering of Prabhandam traditions with the Śaivite Nāyaṉmārs. Songs were composed and collected into separate Books called the Tamiḻ Maṟai (Tamiḻ Vedas). They were clearly after...
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5. PŪLĀṄKUṞUCHI
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5. PŪLĀṄKUṞUCHIPūlāṅkuṟuchi is a small village in Tiruppattūr tāluk of the modern Sivagaṅgā district (in old Pudukkoṭṭai region) in Tamiḻnāḍu. It has a small hillock with a sloping rock which has yielded a historic inscription in Tamiḻ language in a script that may be termed transition between Br...
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4. CILAPPATIKĀRAM AND MAṆIMĒKALAI
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4. CILAPPATIKĀRAM AND MAṆIMĒKALAI4.1. Vedic Traditions in CilappatikāramCilappatikāram, one of the earliest Tamiḻ epics reflects deep rooted Vedic traditions in Tamiḻnāḍu. It begins with the marriage of Kaṇṇaki and Kōvalaṉ as per the Vedic rites and ends with the Cēra Seṅguṭṭuvaṉ performing...
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2. SAṄGAM AGE
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2. SAṄGAM AGE2.1. Puṟanāṉūṟu -Vedic Tradition in the first song of Saṅgam poemAmong the Saṅgam anthology of poems, the Puṟanāṉūṟu collection is considered by all researchers as genuine without any interpolation. The prayer song at the beginning ascribed to Perumdēvanār, who sang Mahābhārata i...
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3. TOLKĀPPIYAM
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3. TOLKĀPPIYAM3.1. Tamiḻ Grammatical Text TolkāppiyamThe Tamiḻ text Tolkāppiyam is the most ancient grammatical work available today. Its date is debated and swings from 7th century BCE to 4th century CE. However, as it has a chapter on phonetics and written script it cannot be dated earlier than...
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Contents - Intro
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Publishers NotePrefaceSamadarsanam1. Introduction — General2. Saṅgam Age3. Tolkāppiyam4. Cilappatikāram and Maṇimekhalai5. Pūlāṅkuṟuchi6. Tēvāram7. Divya Prabhandam8. Vedas and Vedic Patronage in Tamiḻnāḍu9. Vedic Colleges10. Copper Plate Grants11. Cōḻa Administration12. Vedic C...
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